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为什么切片面包在美国被禁了47天，每日一遍英语！
每天学习一遍音乐之为什么切片面包在美国被禁了47天
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发布时间：2022年10月29日 17:55:07
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资源类型：我爱学习
内容语言：中文
聚收集导航网本次为大家分享的是:为什么切片面包在美国被禁了47天，每日一遍英语！
正文内容
When sliced bread was first invented in 1928, it scared people.
1928年 切片面包首次问世 震惊了世人
The small town of Chillicothe, Missouri was the first place in the world
最先看到面包切片机的商业价值的
that saw the commercial use of a bread-slicing machine,
是位于密苏里州奇利科西的一个小镇
and the local papers reported that the very idea was “startling.”
当地各大报纸称这一想法“惊世骇俗”
Otto Rohwedder, the guy who decided
Otto Rohwedder
to combine the power of bread with the magic of slicing,
即融合面包的力量及切片魔力的人
had to take out full newspaper ads,
不得不在报纸上刊登整版广告
carefully walking people through
细心指导人们
the daunting steps of eating sliced bread,
熟悉令人却步的切片面包食用步骤
such as “opening the wrapper at one end”
例如“从包装袋的一端打开”
and “removing as many slices as desired.”
“想切多少就切多少”
Eventually, though, people got the hang of it.
最终人们掌握了窍门
And sliced bread became the greatest invention since sliced bread
切片面包成为它自己出现以来最伟大的发现
Wonderbread, the first major brand to start slicing their bread,
作为首家卖切片面包的大品牌
soared in popularity.
Wonderbread迅速火爆
And by the early 1930s, only a few years after its invention,
到二十世纪三十年代初 它出现仅仅几年
nearly 80% of all bread sold in the United States was pre-sliced.
美国售卖的面包就有将近80％是预切的
Everything was looking great for the future of sliced bread,
切片面包的前途似乎一片光明
but then, in 1943, for a harrowing 47 days,
然而到1943年 切片面包经历了地狱般的47天
the US made sliced bread illegal.
美国法律禁止售卖切片面包
Why? Well, it’s a bit of a long story.
为什么呢？这就说来话长了
In the 9th century BCE,
公元前9世纪
a group of Chinese monks combined saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal
一群中国僧人混合硝石 硫磺和木炭
in an attempt to create a life-extending elixir,
试图炼出长生不老药
accidentally synthesizing what would later become known as gunpowder.
却意外地合成了后来的火药
Next thing you know, it’s World War II.
接下来是二战 你知道的
Things are really bad.
情况很糟
Not only is Hitler fully alive and doing stuff,
不仅有希特勒十分活跃地推行纳粹政策
but the cost of consumer goods is skyrocketing.
消费品的成本也在飞速攀升
International shipping lanes are interrupted,
国际航线中断
and manufacturing resources around the world
全世界的工业资源
are diverted away from producing consumer goods,
不再被用来制作消费品
and toward producing axes,
而是制作斧头或者其它什么
or whatever it was that people were killing each other with.
总之制作人们用来互相屠杀的东西
Now, when this economic crisis finally hit the US,
最终 当美国爆发经济危机
the American government did what they normally do to combat
面对供应链崩溃 通货急剧膨胀
to combat a collapsing supply chain and out-of-control inflation:
美国政府采取了一如既往的策略：
absolutely nothing.
什么都不做
Oh wait, sorry, wrong century.
噢 等等 抱歉 说错年代了
No. This time, they did something radical:
不 这次他们做了点“非凡”的事
FDR issued an executive order
《联邦登记》发布了一项行政命令
creating the Office of Price Administration,
即设立物价局
which, essentially, completely transformed the way
这从根本上彻底改革了
that the US economy worked for years.
美国运行多年的经济制度
You couldn’t just walk into a store
你再不能就这么走进商店
and exchange money for goods and services anymore.
用钱换取商品和服务
The entire capitalist system got a shiny new makeover.
整个资本主义制度焕然一新了
Now, the simplest thing that this office did
物价局采取的最简单的措施
was place price caps on basic commodities.
即给日用品规定价格上限
About 90% of retail food prices, for example, were frozen.
例如 规定了约90%的零售食品价格
You couldn’t legally sell a package of Jell-O for more than eight cents,
一包Jell-O售价超过八美分
or a box of Bisquick cake flour
或一盒Bisquick蛋糕粉超21美分
for more than 21 cents.
都是违法的
And even if you were especially impressed with the package of Bisquick,
即便你对Bisquick的包装盒情有独钟
you couldn’t legally pay more than 21 cents for it, either.
花超过21美分买它也是违法的
But this is where things get a little more complicated.
但从这开始 事情变得有些复杂
Economics are not as simple as freezing the price of Jell-O,
经济不是简单地规定Jell-O的价格
kicking your feet back, and hoping that everything just kind of sorts itself out.
轻轻松松地指望一切问题自行解决
There’s a little thing called “supply and demand,”
有两个概念叫“供给”和“需求”
which, if you don’t know what that means,
如果你不知道它们的意思
you can find out really quickly by going to reddit.com/r/libertarian
只要去reddit.com/r/libertarian并留言
and saying that Starbucks baristas should be able to afford
星巴克的咖啡师应该买得起一套青年公寓
a one bedroom apartment.
很快你就能查到了
Since the OPA was essentially dictating the prices for commodities
由于物价局实质是在强行规定
that were already low in supply,
供应本就不足的商品的价格
they also needed some way to curb demand.
他们也需要采取措施抑制需求
And since it was seemingly impossible in the 1940s to convince people
而上世纪五十年代的人们似乎不可能
that Jell-O honestly just isn’t that good,
相信Jell-O实际没那么好
demand had to be curbed artificially.
因此只能人为抑制需求
This was done with the creation of a new currency: ration points.
为此 他们发明了新货币：定量币
The US government distributed these ration booklets
美国政府给每家每户
to every household in the country,
发放定量小册子
and every month, consumers were given 64 “red points” and 48 “blue points,”
消费者每月会得到64枚红币 48枚蓝币
which would entitle them to buy certain things at the grocery store.
这些币能够买杂货店的指定商品
Red points could be used on things like meat and dairy,
红币可购买肉类和乳制品
and blue points could be used on canned or dried foods.
蓝币可购买罐装及干制食品
Once you were out of points for the month,
当月的币一旦用完
you couldn’t legally purchase those things anymore.
就不能再合法购买那些商品
Now you’re probably wondering:
现在你可能在纳闷：
what does this all have to do with sliced bread?
这一切和切片面包有什么关系？
Well, an important caveat of this rationing system
有一点需要特别提醒
is that not every food was rationed.
配给制并不配给每种食物
Certain basic staples, namely bread,
当时人们严重依赖某些主食
were heavily relied on during these years,
即面包
and made up the bulk of peoples’ daily calories.
面包是人们的主要卡路里来源
This meant that for the federal government, keeping bread prices down
这意味着 联邦政府维持面包低价
was particularly crucial to keeping people alive.
对于维护人民生命至关重要
But in early 1943, the OPA was forced to
然而 1943年初 物价局被迫批准
authorize a 10% increase in the price of flour,
将面粉的价格提高10%
which all you breadheads out there might recognize
而市场上所有的面包师都
as one of the main ingredients in bread.
把面粉当做面包的主要原料之一
Now, the OPA wasn’t too keen on jacking up the price of bread,
物价局并不热衷于大幅抬高面包的价格
given that it might kill everybody.
毕竟可能会断送大家的性命
So the Department of Agriculture stepped in with a solution:
于是农业部介入并献出一策：
make it illegal to pre-slice the bread.
将预切面包非法化
Sliced bread was slightly more expensive to produce than unsliced bread,
切片面包的生产成本略高于未切片面包
given the extra equipment and manpower.
因为它需要额外的设备及人力资源
So banning sliced bread
所以 从理论上来说
would theoretically offset the increase in flour prices.
禁止切片面包会抵消面粉上涨的价格
This would also save approximately 100 tons of alloyed steel
这也将节省大约100吨合金钢
and the extra wax paper that was needed to keep the sliced bread fresh,
和切片面包额外所需的保鲜蜡纸
both of which were sorely needed by the military at the time.
这两者都是当时军方迫切需要的
It was a win-win for everybody,
这对所有人而言都是双赢
and by “everybody,” I mean just the federal government,
但我说的“所有人”仅仅是指联邦政府
because everyone else was super pissed.
因为其他所有人都相当恼火
Bakeries were, naturally, not thrilled
面包师理所当然兴奋不起来
that they couldn’t use their expensive new bread-slicing machines,
因为用不了奢侈的新面包切片机
and housewives around the country protested.
全国的家庭主妇纷纷抗议
This woman wrote to the New York Times 10 days after the ban,
禁令颁布10天后 这位女士写信给《纽约时报》
complaining that 22 slices of bread was, arguably
她抱怨一天要切22片面包
too many slices to slice in a day,
实在是太多了
and that she was also pretty bad at it.
而且她不擅长切面包片
Less than a month into the ban,
禁止不到一个月
TIME Magazine declared that,
《时代周刊》声称：
“this war was getting pretty awful,”.
“这场切片面包之战变得愈发可怕”
And that was entirely in reference to the sliced bread thing,
它报道的全是切片面包的事
with zero mention of the six million people
丝毫未提及当时已有
had been killed up to that point.
六百万人死于二战
That’s how bad it was.
这才是真正的糟糕之处
By March 8th, only 47 days later,
到3月8日 禁令颁布仅47天
the government decided to lift the ban,
政府决定解除禁令
claiming that it was because it didn’t save
并声称原因是
as much wax paper as they had anticipated,
该禁令未能节省预期的蜡纸数量
but we all know it was because they had infuriated
但我们都心知肚明是因为
a bunch of women who now knew their way around a knife.
他们激怒了一群会用刀的女人
Okay, so funny story,
好了 讲一件有趣的事
my team and I were researching this video while we were traveling abroad
我和团队去国外旅行时上网搜了这期视频
and it turns out that trying to use American websites
结果证明 去国外旅行时
with facts about America stuff sucks when you’re traveling.
用美国网站搜不出美国相关的事
Back in 2018, the EU rolled out a new set of
回到2018年 欧盟提出一系列
internet regulations to protect European citizens’ data,
新网络规范 以保护欧洲公民的数据
but so many American websites were like
但众多美国网站的反应是：
“Oh, that sounds like a lot of work,
“喔 听起来要干不少活
we’re just gonna block all of Europe now.”
直接封锁全欧洲的网站就好了”
And that would’ve made writing this video impossible,
因此 如果没有NordVPN
if we didn’t have NordVPN.
这期视频可能就不存在了
With Nord, we were able to change our location
有了Nord 我们能一键
to the US with just a click.
将位置换成美国
It was effortlessly easy,
操作非常简单
and there would’ve been no other way for us to access those websites.
况且也没有其它方法能访问那些网站
It also meant that we were completely protected wherever we were.
这也意味着无论在哪 我们都受到保护
When you’re using any kind of public WiFi,
当你连上任何公共WiFi
you’re leaving your data, your files, and your identity totally vulnerable.
你的数据 文件和身份完全被你置于险境
But you don’t have to worry about any of that
但如果你用了VPN
when you’re using a VPN.
就无需担心任何问题
Nord keeps your connection completely encrypted and secure.
Nord会保证你的连接完全加密且
If you use the internet outside of the home at all,
如果你在家以外的任何地方使用网络
at the coffee shop, on the train, at a coworking space,
比如在咖啡馆 火车上或者办公场所
you should really consider trying out NordVPN.
你真该考虑试试NordVPN
I’m really happy I did,
我很开心我用了
and if you’re anything like me,
如果你情况和我一样
you probably will be, too.
你大概也会开心
By signing up with my link, you’ll get a huge discount,
通过我的链接注册 可以获得超大优惠
and four extra months for free with a 2 year subscription.
订阅两年送额外四个月免费体验
Plus you’ll be supporting our channel while you’re at it.
而且 注册成功后你也能支持我们的频道
And, hey, if it doesn’t work out
嘿 如果它不好用
or you don’t get enough use out of it, you don’t need to worry.
或者你很少能用到 别担心
Nord offers a 30-day money back guarantee.
Nord提供30天的退款保证
So, click the button on screen
所以 点击屏幕上的按钮
or follow the link in the description,
或者简介的链接
and try out Nord today.
即刻试用Nord吧
1928年 切片面包首次问世 震惊了世人
The small town of Chillicothe, Missouri was the first place in the world
最先看到面包切片机的商业价值的
that saw the commercial use of a bread-slicing machine,
是位于密苏里州奇利科西的一个小镇
and the local papers reported that the very idea was “startling.”
当地各大报纸称这一想法“惊世骇俗”
Otto Rohwedder, the guy who decided
Otto Rohwedder
to combine the power of bread with the magic of slicing,
即融合面包的力量及切片魔力的人
had to take out full newspaper ads,
不得不在报纸上刊登整版广告
carefully walking people through
细心指导人们
the daunting steps of eating sliced bread,
熟悉令人却步的切片面包食用步骤
such as “opening the wrapper at one end”
例如“从包装袋的一端打开”
and “removing as many slices as desired.”
“想切多少就切多少”
Eventually, though, people got the hang of it.
最终人们掌握了窍门
And sliced bread became the greatest invention since sliced bread
切片面包成为它自己出现以来最伟大的发现
Wonderbread, the first major brand to start slicing their bread,
作为首家卖切片面包的大品牌
soared in popularity.
Wonderbread迅速火爆
And by the early 1930s, only a few years after its invention,
到二十世纪三十年代初 它出现仅仅几年
nearly 80% of all bread sold in the United States was pre-sliced.
美国售卖的面包就有将近80％是预切的
Everything was looking great for the future of sliced bread,
切片面包的前途似乎一片光明
but then, in 1943, for a harrowing 47 days,
然而到1943年 切片面包经历了地狱般的47天
the US made sliced bread illegal.
美国法律禁止售卖切片面包
Why? Well, it’s a bit of a long story.
为什么呢？这就说来话长了
In the 9th century BCE,
公元前9世纪
a group of Chinese monks combined saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal
一群中国僧人混合硝石 硫磺和木炭
in an attempt to create a life-extending elixir,
试图炼出长生不老药
accidentally synthesizing what would later become known as gunpowder.
却意外地合成了后来的火药
Next thing you know, it’s World War II.
接下来是二战 你知道的
Things are really bad.
情况很糟
Not only is Hitler fully alive and doing stuff,
不仅有希特勒十分活跃地推行纳粹政策
but the cost of consumer goods is skyrocketing.
消费品的成本也在飞速攀升
International shipping lanes are interrupted,
国际航线中断
and manufacturing resources around the world
全世界的工业资源
are diverted away from producing consumer goods,
不再被用来制作消费品
and toward producing axes,
而是制作斧头或者其它什么
or whatever it was that people were killing each other with.
总之制作人们用来互相屠杀的东西
Now, when this economic crisis finally hit the US,
最终 当美国爆发经济危机
the American government did what they normally do to combat
面对供应链崩溃 通货急剧膨胀
to combat a collapsing supply chain and out-of-control inflation:
美国政府采取了一如既往的策略：
absolutely nothing.
什么都不做
Oh wait, sorry, wrong century.
噢 等等 抱歉 说错年代了
No. This time, they did something radical:
不 这次他们做了点“非凡”的事
FDR issued an executive order
《联邦登记》发布了一项行政命令
creating the Office of Price Administration,
即设立物价局
which, essentially, completely transformed the way
这从根本上彻底改革了
that the US economy worked for years.
美国运行多年的经济制度
You couldn’t just walk into a store
你再不能就这么走进商店
and exchange money for goods and services anymore.
用钱换取商品和服务
The entire capitalist system got a shiny new makeover.
整个资本主义制度焕然一新了
Now, the simplest thing that this office did
物价局采取的最简单的措施
was place price caps on basic commodities.
即给日用品规定价格上限
About 90% of retail food prices, for example, were frozen.
例如 规定了约90%的零售食品价格
You couldn’t legally sell a package of Jell-O for more than eight cents,
一包Jell-O售价超过八美分
or a box of Bisquick cake flour
或一盒Bisquick蛋糕粉超21美分
for more than 21 cents.
都是违法的
And even if you were especially impressed with the package of Bisquick,
即便你对Bisquick的包装盒情有独钟
you couldn’t legally pay more than 21 cents for it, either.
花超过21美分买它也是违法的
But this is where things get a little more complicated.
但从这开始 事情变得有些复杂
Economics are not as simple as freezing the price of Jell-O,
经济不是简单地规定Jell-O的价格
kicking your feet back, and hoping that everything just kind of sorts itself out.
轻轻松松地指望一切问题自行解决
There’s a little thing called “supply and demand,”
有两个概念叫“供给”和“需求”
which, if you don’t know what that means,
如果你不知道它们的意思
you can find out really quickly by going to reddit.com/r/libertarian
只要去reddit.com/r/libertarian并留言
and saying that Starbucks baristas should be able to afford
星巴克的咖啡师应该买得起一套青年公寓
a one bedroom apartment.
很快你就能查到了
Since the OPA was essentially dictating the prices for commodities
由于物价局实质是在强行规定
that were already low in supply,
供应本就不足的商品的价格
they also needed some way to curb demand.
他们也需要采取措施抑制需求
And since it was seemingly impossible in the 1940s to convince people
而上世纪五十年代的人们似乎不可能
that Jell-O honestly just isn’t that good,
相信Jell-O实际没那么好
demand had to be curbed artificially.
因此只能人为抑制需求
This was done with the creation of a new currency: ration points.
为此 他们发明了新货币：定量币
The US government distributed these ration booklets
美国政府给每家每户
to every household in the country,
发放定量小册子
and every month, consumers were given 64 “red points” and 48 “blue points,”
消费者每月会得到64枚红币 48枚蓝币
which would entitle them to buy certain things at the grocery store.
这些币能够买杂货店的指定商品
Red points could be used on things like meat and dairy,
红币可购买肉类和乳制品
and blue points could be used on canned or dried foods.
蓝币可购买罐装及干制食品
Once you were out of points for the month,
当月的币一旦用完
you couldn’t legally purchase those things anymore.
就不能再合法购买那些商品
Now you’re probably wondering:
现在你可能在纳闷：
what does this all have to do with sliced bread?
这一切和切片面包有什么关系？
Well, an important caveat of this rationing system
有一点需要特别提醒
is that not every food was rationed.
配给制并不配给每种食物
Certain basic staples, namely bread,
当时人们严重依赖某些主食
were heavily relied on during these years,
即面包
and made up the bulk of peoples’ daily calories.
面包是人们的主要卡路里来源
This meant that for the federal government, keeping bread prices down
这意味着 联邦政府维持面包低价
was particularly crucial to keeping people alive.
对于维护人民生命至关重要
But in early 1943, the OPA was forced to
然而 1943年初 物价局被迫批准
authorize a 10% increase in the price of flour,
将面粉的价格提高10%
which all you breadheads out there might recognize
而市场上所有的面包师都
as one of the main ingredients in bread.
把面粉当做面包的主要原料之一
Now, the OPA wasn’t too keen on jacking up the price of bread,
物价局并不热衷于大幅抬高面包的价格
given that it might kill everybody.
毕竟可能会断送大家的性命
So the Department of Agriculture stepped in with a solution:
于是农业部介入并献出一策：
make it illegal to pre-slice the bread.
将预切面包非法化
Sliced bread was slightly more expensive to produce than unsliced bread,
切片面包的生产成本略高于未切片面包
given the extra equipment and manpower.
因为它需要额外的设备及人力资源
So banning sliced bread
所以 从理论上来说
would theoretically offset the increase in flour prices.
禁止切片面包会抵消面粉上涨的价格
This would also save approximately 100 tons of alloyed steel
这也将节省大约100吨合金钢
and the extra wax paper that was needed to keep the sliced bread fresh,
和切片面包额外所需的保鲜蜡纸
both of which were sorely needed by the military at the time.
这两者都是当时军方迫切需要的
It was a win-win for everybody,
这对所有人而言都是双赢
and by “everybody,” I mean just the federal government,
但我说的“所有人”仅仅是指联邦政府
because everyone else was super pissed.
因为其他所有人都相当恼火
Bakeries were, naturally, not thrilled
面包师理所当然兴奋不起来
that they couldn’t use their expensive new bread-slicing machines,
因为用不了奢侈的新面包切片机
and housewives around the country protested.
全国的家庭主妇纷纷抗议
This woman wrote to the New York Times 10 days after the ban,
禁令颁布10天后 这位女士写信给《纽约时报》
complaining that 22 slices of bread was, arguably
她抱怨一天要切22片面包
too many slices to slice in a day,
实在是太多了
and that she was also pretty bad at it.
而且她不擅长切面包片
Less than a month into the ban,
禁止不到一个月
TIME Magazine declared that,
《时代周刊》声称：
“this war was getting pretty awful,”.
“这场切片面包之战变得愈发可怕”
And that was entirely in reference to the sliced bread thing,
它报道的全是切片面包的事
with zero mention of the six million people
丝毫未提及当时已有
had been killed up to that point.
六百万人死于二战
That’s how bad it was.
这才是真正的糟糕之处
By March 8th, only 47 days later,
到3月8日 禁令颁布仅47天
the government decided to lift the ban,
政府决定解除禁令
claiming that it was because it didn’t save
并声称原因是
as much wax paper as they had anticipated,
该禁令未能节省预期的蜡纸数量
but we all know it was because they had infuriated
但我们都心知肚明是因为
a bunch of women who now knew their way around a knife.
他们激怒了一群会用刀的女人
Okay, so funny story,
好了 讲一件有趣的事
my team and I were researching this video while we were traveling abroad
我和团队去国外旅行时上网搜了这期视频
and it turns out that trying to use American websites
结果证明 去国外旅行时
with facts about America stuff sucks when you’re traveling.
用美国网站搜不出美国相关的事
Back in 2018, the EU rolled out a new set of
回到2018年 欧盟提出一系列
internet regulations to protect European citizens’ data,
新网络规范 以保护欧洲公民的数据
but so many American websites were like
但众多美国网站的反应是：
“Oh, that sounds like a lot of work,
“喔 听起来要干不少活
we’re just gonna block all of Europe now.”
直接封锁全欧洲的网站就好了”
And that would’ve made writing this video impossible,
因此 如果没有NordVPN
if we didn’t have NordVPN.
这期视频可能就不存在了
With Nord, we were able to change our location
有了Nord 我们能一键
to the US with just a click.
将位置换成美国
It was effortlessly easy,
操作非常简单
and there would’ve been no other way for us to access those websites.
况且也没有其它方法能访问那些网站
It also meant that we were completely protected wherever we were.
这也意味着无论在哪 我们都受到保护
When you’re using any kind of public WiFi,
当你连上任何公共WiFi
you’re leaving your data, your files, and your identity totally vulnerable.
你的数据 文件和身份完全被你置于险境
But you don’t have to worry about any of that
但如果你用了VPN
when you’re using a VPN.
就无需担心任何问题
Nord keeps your connection completely encrypted and secure.
Nord会保证你的连接完全加密且
If you use the internet outside of the home at all,
如果你在家以外的任何地方使用网络
at the coffee shop, on the train, at a coworking space,
比如在咖啡馆 火车上或者办公场所
you should really consider trying out NordVPN.
你真该考虑试试NordVPN
I’m really happy I did,
我很开心我用了
and if you’re anything like me,
如果你情况和我一样
you probably will be, too.
你大概也会开心
By signing up with my link, you’ll get a huge discount,
通过我的链接注册 可以获得超大优惠
and four extra months for free with a 2 year subscription.
订阅两年送额外四个月免费体验
Plus you’ll be supporting our channel while you’re at it.
而且 注册成功后你也能支持我们的频道
And, hey, if it doesn’t work out
嘿 如果它不好用
or you don’t get enough use out of it, you don’t need to worry.
或者你很少能用到 别担心
Nord offers a 30-day money back guarantee.
Nord提供30天的退款保证
So, click the button on screen
所以 点击屏幕上的按钮
or follow the link in the description,
或者简介的链接
and try out Nord today.
即刻试用Nord吧
#目前暂无人占楼，快来占个位置吧#